What Other Functions Left That Deal With User Submitted Data Secure Output ?

Hi,

I am learning all the ways to securely output user submitted data, be they links or html or plain text or any programming language’s code.
To securely output user html codes on our pages, we use htmlentities() and htmlspecialchars().

QA.
To output securely user submitted urls (user submitted urls with no html anchor tag) **by creating a hyperlink** to the url, we use which php functions ? rawurlencode() for the url path, urlencode() and int() for the query_string **_‘value’_** outputs. What-about int_val() ? Any other functions ?

I ask because I got to look into these functions so I can output to my pages visitor/user/commenter submitted urls, links, html codes, css codes, programming codes (php, python, etc.).

Also in #PHP _↴